brain-writing	similar to brainstorming, can be used to generate new ideas, encourage creative problem-solving, and develop innovative solutions. But, instead of getting people to discuss ideas out loud, brainwriting gets people to write them down and share them anonymously
to pride oneself on sth	to be proud of
sanctuary	shelter
hustle and bustle	busy movement and noise, especially where there are a lot of people
malpractice	careless, wrong or illegal behaviour while in a professional job
to refine	to improve
to refute	to prove that something is wrong
to trigger	to make sth happen suddenly
to tackle	to make a determined effort to deal with
embodied	expressed, represented
malleable /ˈmælɪəbl/	easily influenced or changed
tenacity	quality of not giving up something easily
stealth	fact of doing something in a quiet or secret way
unobtrusive	not attracting unnecessary attention
inference /ˈɪnfərəns/	conclusion
presenteeism	(or working while sick) act or culture of employees continuing to work as a performative measure, despite having reduced productivity levels or negative consequences
English Medium Instruction (EMI)	use of the English language to teach academic subjects (other than English itself) in countries where the first language of the majority of the population is not English
EALF	English as a Lingua Franca
burnout	state of being extremely tired or ill, either physically or mentally, because you have worked too hard
depersonalisation	emotional dissociative disorder in which there is loss of contact with your own personal reality accompanied by feelings of unreality and strangeness | loss of personal identity | feeling of being an anonymous cog in an impersonal social machine
retention	action of keeping something rather than losing it
personable	attractive to other people because of having a pleasant appearance and character
be-all and end-all	perfect
slighted	neglected
to bypass	to skip
combative /ˈkɔmbətɪv/	ready or eager to fight
false friend	word in a foreign language that looks similar to a word in your own language, but has a different meaning


PGCE	postgraduate certificate in education
first-hand	obtained or experienced yourself
intricate /ˈɪntrɪkɪt/	having a lot of different parts and small details that fit together
tier	one of several levels in an organization or a system
to shadow	to observe a professional in their job
cohort	a group of people who share a common feature
cohesive	forming a united whole
rigorous	done carefully and with a lot of attention to detail
pinnacle /ˈpɪnəkl/	the most important or successful part of something


windbag	person who talks too much, and does not say anything important or interesting
playbook	set of rules, suggestions, or methods that are considered to be suitable for a particular activity, industry, job, etc
Minto Pyramid	effective communication tool to quickly and clearly communicate complex issues to busy business executives. Developed in 1987 by Barbara Minto, a McKinsey consultant, and is used not only by McKinsey but by most top consulting firms
A levels	 school leaving qualification offered by educational bodies in the United Kingdom to students completing secondary or pre-university education
HNC (High National Certificate)	higher education/further education qualification in the United Kingdom (usually 1 year) HND (Higher National Diploma)	diploma given for vocational training that prepares the student for a career in a particular area | good students may progress to a course leading to a degree
BA (Bachelor of Arts) degree in	diploma after a 2-3 year course at university
graduate	someone who has completed a university degree, especially a first degree
Bachelor of Arts with Honours (Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore)	1-2 year postgraduate degree 
BE	Bachelor of Engineering or a Bachelor of Science in Engineering is an academic undergraduate degree awarded to a student after three to five years of studying engineering at an accredited college or university
Master's degree in	academic degree higher than a bachelor's degree but lower than a doctor's degree
post-graduate	person with a higher degree | student who continues studies after graduation (кандидат наук) 
to undertake	to study, ~ a research degree in (subject)
candidate of sciences	PhD (in some countries)	кандидат наук
doctor (of sciences)	someone who holds the highest level of degree given by a university
summa cum laude (AmEn)	red diploma (in Russia)
voluntary	done willingly, not because you are forced
apprentice	young person who works for an employer for a fixed period of time in order to learn the particular skills needed in their job | intern
apprenticeship	internship | period of time working as an apprentice | a job as an apprentice
literate	able to read and write
consecutive	following one after another in a series, without interruption
to liaise ~ (with sb) (especially BrE)	to work closely with sb and exchange information with them | to act as a link between two or more people or groups
P.T.O	please turn over (the page)
impeccable	without mistakes or faults | perfect
nitpicking	цепляться к мелочам
ECT	early career teachers
ECF	Early Career Framework
CTTR	Centre for Teachers and Teaching Research
EEF	Education Endowment Foundation
UCL	University College London
headmaster	teacher who is in charge of a school, especially a private school
induction	process of introducing sb to a new job, skill, organization, etc. | a ceremony at which this takes place
induction lead/tutor	person ensures that the induction is proceeding correctly and assesses the ECTs progress against the Teachers Standards, recognising when early action is needed in the case of an ECT experiencing difficulties
ECT	early career teachers
ECF	Early Career Framework
CTTR	Centre for Teachers and Teaching Research
EEF	Education Endowment Foundation
UCL	University College London
headmaster	teacher who is in charge of a school, especially a private school
induction	process of introducing sb to a new job, skill, organization, etc. | a ceremony at which this takes place
induction lead/tutor	person ensures that the induction is proceeding correctly and assesses the ECTs progress against the Teachers Standards, recognising when early action is needed in the case of an ECT experiencing difficulties


sparring partner	person that you regularly have friendly arguments or discussions with
to kick-start	to do sth to help a process or project start more quickly
discrepancy	difference between two or more things that should be the same
far-stretched	difficult to believe and unlikely to be true
to yield	to produce
copywriting	act or occupation of writing text for the purpose of advertising or other forms of marketing. Copywriting is aimed at selling products or services
knowledgeable	well-informed | intelligent
to alienate	to make sb feel that they do not belong in a particular group
to refine	to improve sth by making small changes to it
endorsement	statement made in an advertisement, usually by sb famous or important, saying that they use and like a particular product
divergent	considering many different possibilities, especially unusual ones, in a way that helps you to think of new ideas or solutions | tending to reach a variety of possible solutions when analysing a problem
prompt engineering	process of structuring text that can be interpreted and understood by a generative AI model. A prompt is natural language text describing the task that an AI should perform
hard-wired	automatically thinking or behaving in a particular way
purposeful /ˈpə:pəsful/	having or indicating purpose, intentional
aversive	making someone feel a strong dislike for something, or making them not want to do it
generative /ˈdʒen.ər.ə.tɪv/	able to produce or create something | ~ AI: use or study of artificial intelligences that are able to produce text, images, etc
integrative /ˈɪn.tə.ɡrə.tɪv/	combining two or more things in order to make them more effective
immersive /ɪˈmɜː.sɪv/	seeming to surround the audience, player, etc. so that they feel completely involved in something
kindling	small dry pieces of wood
to instil sth (in / into sb)	to gradually make sb feel, think or behave in a particular way over a period of time
GUI	graphical user interface
wysiwyg	what you see is what you get
wysiwym	what you see is what you mean
portability	ability to be ported (exported → imported) from one system to another
pandoc	free-software document converter, widely used as a writing tool (especially by scholars) and as a basis for publishing workflows. It was created by John MacFarlane, a philosophy professor at the University of California, Berkeley. It can take a document in one of the supported formats and convert only its markup to another format
human-readable	medium or format where any encoding of data or information can be naturally read by humans, e.g. in Unicode text, rather than as binary data
single-sourcing	use of a single document to produce other forms of documents, such as manuals and online help. It allows one document to be used in different kinds of formats, thereby increasing the usability of the documentation
Bloom's taxonomy	creation, evaluation, analysis, application, understanding, knowledge. Set of three hierarchical models used for classification of educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains. The cognitive domain list has been the primary focus of most traditional education and is frequently used to structure curriculum learning objectives, assessments and activities
constructivism	theory in education which postulates that individuals or learners do not acquire knowledge and understanding by passively perceiving it within a direct process of knowledge transmission, rather they construct new understandings and knowledge through experience and social discourse, integrating new information with what they already know (prior knowledge)
template	thing that is used as a model for producing other similar examples
scalability	ability to grow bigger or reduce size depending on needs at little cost (e.g. financially, logistically, or in terms of time & resources)
interoperability	characteristic of a product or system to work with other products or systems
modularity	degree to which a system's components may be separated and recombined, often with the benefit of flexibility and variety in use
html	HyperText Markup Language - standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser (both human-readable and machine-readable)
xml	Extensible Markup Language - markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. It defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable
javascript	client-side scripting language of the Web used for animations, such as fading objects in and out, resizing, and moving them, and validating input values of a web form before the data is sent to a web server
svg	scalar vector graphics (e.g. generated by Prezzi, Inkscape...)
SCORM	Shareable Content Object Reference Model (www.scorm.com)
xAPI (aka Tin Can API)	Experience API (xAPI) is an open source, e-learning software specification that records and tracks various types of learning experiences for learning systems. Learning experiences are recorded in a Learning Record Store (LRS), which can exist within traditional learning management systems (LMSs) or on their own. It allows trainers to deploy several new capabilities that were not supported with SCORM at the time, such as: Recording learning from non-browser activities, such as games and simulations, Platform transition - e.g. start e-learning on a mobile device, finish it on a computer, Team-based e-learning, Tracking learning plans and goals
LMS	(Learning Management System) software application for the administration, documentation, tracking, reporting, automation, and delivery of educational courses, training programs, materials or learning and development programs. Learning management systems were designed to identify training and learning gaps, using analytical data and reporting. LMSs are focused on online learning delivery but support a range of uses, acting as a platform for online content, including courses, both asynchronous based and synchronous based. In the higher education space, an LMS may offer classroom management for instructor-led training or a flipped classroom (e.g. Moodle, Canvas, Blackboard...)
EMCDW	Elicit (→ substitution table, e.g. time line), Model, CCQ, Drill, Write 
CCQ	Concept Checking Question 
PPP	Present Produce Practise 
TTT	Test Teach Test
systems lesson	1 context (following up previous topic), 2 target language clarification & presentation, EMCDW, 3 controlled practice, 4 freer practice
skills lesson	1 lead-in, 2 vocab pre-teach, 3 text (reading or listening), 4 gist / detailed task, 5 controlled practice, 6 structured practice, 7 production activity
posture /'pɔstʃə:/	position in which you hold your body when standing or sitting
to flick	to move or make sth move with sudden quick movements
to fidget	to move restlessly, without stopping, nervously
voice modulation	manner of speaking in which the loudness or pitch or tone of the voice is modified
to take charge	to assume control 
lectern	stand for holding a book in a church or chapel, esp. for a bible from which lessons are to be read | a similar stand for a lecturer
shade ~ of sth	different kind or level of opinion, feeling, etc
rigid /'ridʒəd/	(often disapproving) (of rules, methods, etc.) very strict and difficult to change | stiff and difficult to move or bend
mannerism	way of speaking or moving that is typical of a person
to remind	to help sb remember sth important that they must do  
to depict	to show in, or as in, a picture
to portray	to show sb/sth in a picture | to describe sb/sth in a piece of writing
to reveal	to make sth known to sb, to show sth that previously could not be seen
to disclose	to make sth known to sb, to show sth that previously could not be seen
to claim	to say that sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it
to suggest	to express indirectly by an image, form, or model
to recall	to make sb think of sth
to illustrate	to make the meaning of sth clearer by using examples, pictures, etc
to embody	to express or represent an idea or a quality
to be reminiscent of	reminding you of sb/sth
to be regarded as	to be thought about in a particular way
to be considered as	to be thought about in a particular way
to whet the appetite	to increase your desire for or interest in sth
to scorn	to feel or show that you think sb/sth is stupid and you do not respect them or it
elevator pitch	10-second to 1-minute talk or arguments used by a person trying to persuade people, usually business angels or venture capitalists, to invest in a business project
to pitch to someone	to aim an idea or product at someone, to promote by means of an argument and demonstration
appropriation	act of taking sth which belongs to sb else, especially without permission
ilk	(informal, sometimes disapproving) type | kind
queasy	slightly nervous or worried about sth | feeling sick | wanting to vomit
headdress	covering worn on the head on special occasions, e.g. Native-American chief headdress of an Indian costume
social advertising	relies on social information or networks in generating, targeting, and delivering marketing communications, e.g. use a particular Internet service to collect social information, establish and maintain relationships with consumers, and for delivering communications. Provides users with a feeling of inclusiveness
forensic	connected with the scientific tests used by the police when trying to solve a crime
ravishing	extremely beautiful, gorgeous



facilitation	managing and maintaining a group process. The primary focus of the facilitator is on “how” the process is going in the group. The facilitator will help the group to stick with their ground rules and guidelines that bound the process they have agreed to use to get to some end result
mentoring	instructing, guiding, coaching someone seeking to master a particular field that you have already mastered. Though mentoring is very “content” focused, it will also often employ teaching, training, and coaching as well
WASP	White Anglo Saxon Protestant
to distil	to get the essential meaning or ideas from thoughts, information, experiences, etc
inadvertently	by accident | without intending to
conversely	in a way that is the opposite or reverse of sth
to act out of turn	not in the correct or agreed order of succession
equality	each individual or group of people is given the same resources or opportunities
equity	recognizes that each person has different circumstances and allocates the exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome
skit (on sth)	short piece of humorous writing or a performance that makes fun of sb/sth by copying them
WASP	White Anglo Saxon Protestant
to brush off	to bar from attention or consideration, to disregard
slur	unfair remark about sb/sth that may damage other people's opinion of them
supremacy	position in which you have more power, authority or status than anyone else
Negro	(old-fashioned, often offensive) member of a race of people with dark skin who originally came from Africa
swastika /ˈswɔstɪkə/	ancient symbol in the form of a cross with its ends bent at an angle of 90 degrees, used in the 20th century as the symbol of the German Nazi party
subjugation	forced submission to control by others | oppression
micro insult	variety of subtle snubs, conveying a hidden insult to the recipient. Perpetrators are usually unaware they are speaking from bias
micro invalidation	communications that negate or nullify the thoughts, feelings or  experiential reality of a person of colour
snub	action or a comment that is deliberately rude in order to show sb that you do not like or respect them
fastidiousness	trait of being meticulous about matters of taste or style
mobbing	bullying of an individual by a group, in any context, such as a family, peer group, school, workplace, neighbourhood, community, or online. When it occurs as physical and emotional abuse in the workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumour, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, non-sexual, non-racial/racial, general harassment
enforcer	one whose job it is to execute unpleasant tasks for a superior
to undermine	to make sth, especially sb's confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effective | to make sth weaker at the base, for example by digging under it
backlash (~ against | from)	strong negative reaction by a large number of people, for example to sth that has recently changed in society
to go against the grain	to be contrary to the natural inclination or feeling of someone or something
to stifle	to prevent sth from happening | to prevent a feeling from being expressed
damn	swear word that people use to show that they are annoyed, disappointed, etc
bloody	swear word that many people find offensive that is used to emphasize a comment or an angry statement
stunned silence	silence resulting from such surprise or shock that nobody can think clearly or speak
RP (received pronunciation)	approved pronunciation of British English | originally based on the King's English as spoken at public schools and at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (and widely accepted elsewhere in Britain) | until recently it was the pronunciation of English used in British broadcasting
to converse	to have a conversation with sb
stunned silence	silence resulting from such surprise or shock that nobody can think clearly or speak
hobby horse	(sometimes disapproving) subject that sb feels strongly about and likes to talk about
fourth wall (the ~)	performance convention in which an invisible, imaginary wall separates actors from the audience. While the audience can see through this "wall", the convention assumes the actors act as if they cannot. From the 16th century onward, the rise of illusionism in staging practices, which culminated in the realism and naturalism of the theatre of the 19th century, led to the development of the fourth wall concept.
innuendo	indirect remark about sb/sth, usually suggesting sth bad or rude
non sequitur	statement that does not seem to follow what has just been said in any natural or logical way
vox pops (vox populi)	belief or sentiment shared by most people | the voice of the people
It's all Greek to me	way of saying that you do not understand something that is said or written
kindred spirit	person with similar ideas, opinions, etc
self-deprecating	done in a way that makes your own achievements or abilities seem unimportant | ~ humour can be used as a way to make complaints, express modesty, invoke optimal reactions. It may also be used as a way for individuals to appear more likeable and agreeable
follicle	one of the very small holes in the skin which hair grows from
euphemism	word or phrase that replaces part of a sentence which is considered offensive or taboo – i.e. that cannot be talked about in “polite” conversation, e.g. 'to spend a penny' means 'to go to the toilet'
gauge /ɡeɪdʒ/	instrument for measuring the amount or level of sth
to mock	to laugh at sb/sth in an unkind way, especially by copying what they say or do
to ridicule	to make sb/sth look silly by laughing at them or it in an unkind way
to elicit	to draw forth, make evident (what is latent)
LGBTQ+	lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (or queer) - In use since the late 1980s, the initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for marginalized sexualities and gender identities
ableism | disablism (British English) | anapirophobia | anapirism | disability discrimination	discrimination and social prejudice against people with physical or mental disabilities. Ableism characterizes people as they are defined by their disabilities and it also classifies disabled people as people who are inferior to non-disabled people. On this basis, people are assigned or denied certain perceived abilities, skills, or character orientations
queerphobic	LGBT erasure (also known as queer erasure) refers to the tendency to remove lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, asexual and queer groups or people (i.e. the LGBT community) intentionally or unintentionally from record, or to dismiss or downplay their significance
slapstick	type of humour that is based on simple actions, for example people hitting each other, falling down, etc
double entendre	word or phrase that can be understood in two different ways, one of which usually refers to sex
teacher's pet	pupil who has won the teacher's special favour | person who is treated as a favourite by one in authority
political correctness	(sometimes disapproving) the principle of avoiding language and behaviour that may offend particular groups of people
politically correct	term used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offence or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society. Since the late 1980s, the term has been used to describe a preference for inclusive language and avoidance of language or behaviour that can be seen as excluding, marginalizing, or insulting to groups of people disadvantaged or discriminated against, particularly groups defined by ethnicity, sex, gender, or sexual orientation. In public discourse and the media, the term is generally used as a pejorative with an implication that these policies are excessive or unwarranted
person of colour	primarily used to describe any person who is not considered "white". In its current meaning, the term originated in, and is primarily associated with, the United States | however, since the 2010s, it has been adopted elsewhere in the Anglosphere (often as person of colour), including relatively limited usage in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, South Africa, and Singapore (src: Wikipedia)
blackface	practice of non-Black performers using burnt cork or theatrical make-up to portray a caricature of Black people on stage or in entertainment
minstrel	entertainer, initially in medieval Europe. It originally described any type of entertainer such as a musician, juggler, acrobat, singer or fool | later, from the sixteenth century, it came to mean a specialist entertainer who sang songs and played musical instruments
blackface minstrelsy	indigenous American theatrical form that constituted a subgenre of the minstrel show. Intended as comic entertainment, blackface minstrelsy was performed by a group of white minstrels (travelling musicians) with black-painted faces, whose material caricatured the singing and dancing of slaves. The form reached the pinnacle of its popularity between 1850 and 1870, when it enjoyed sizeable audiences in both the United States and Britain. Although blackface minstrelsy gradually disappeared from the professional theatres and became purely a vehicle for amateurs, its influence endured in later entertainment genres and media, including vaudeville theatre, radio and television programs, and the world-music and motion-picture industries of the 20th and 21st centuries (src: https://www.britannica.com/art/blackface-minstrelsy)
gossamer	something super fine and delicate — like a spider web or the material of a wedding veil. The original gossamer, from which these meanings come from, is the fine, filmy substance spiders excrete to weave their webs. A dress can be gossamer-like, if its fabric is so sheer as to be see-through, or almost
sexism	unfair treatment of people, especially women, because of their sex
shortism	unfair treatment of people who are short (i.e. not tall)
tycoon	person who is successful in business or industry and has become rich and powerful
to impede	to delay or stop the progress of sth
swift	happening or done quickly and immediately
vainly	without success
myriad	extremely large number of sth
to gain	to obtain or win sth, especially sth that you need or want
to quash	to take action to stop sth from continuing
crippled	deprived of, limited
cohort /ˈkəuhɔ:t/	group of people who share a common feature or aspect of behaviour
deferential	polite and showing respect
obedience	submission to another's rule or authority, compliance with a law or command
emancipative(AmEn) (emancipating BrEn)	permitting or conducive to the reduction of restraints on behaviour | freeing, liberating
utility ladder of freedoms	demonstrates a universal principle in the functioning of the human mind: when both security and freedom are in short supply, people prioritize security because security is a necessity to survive. But as soon as people feel safe, they begin to prioritize freedom because freedom is essential to thrive, in allowing ingenuity, creativity, and recreational pleasure | term coined by Welzel, inspired by Maslow’s (1954) “hierarchy of human needs,” the findings of Inglehart and his co-authors (Inglehart & Norris, 2003 | Inglehart & Welzel, 2005)


Millennials	also known as Generation Y or Gen Y, are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years, with the generation typically being defined as people born from 1981 to 1996. Most millennials are the children of baby boomers and early Gen Xers | millennials are often the parents of Generation Alpha | described as the first global generation and the first generation that grew up in the Internet age. The generation is generally marked by elevated usage of and familiarity with the Internet, mobile devices, and social media, which is why they are sometimes termed digital natives
incentive	something that encourages you to do sth
gender gap	difference in opinions or attitudes between men and women concerning a variety of public and private issues, including political candidates, parties, or programmes
telework	work from home, remotely
frugality	prudence in avoiding waste
perseverance	quality of continuing to try to achieve a particular aim in spite of difficulties
indulgence	(usually disapproving) the state or act of having or doing whatever you want | the state of allowing sb to have or do whatever they want | something that you allow yourself to have even though it is not essential
gratification	state of feeling pleasure when sth goes well for you or when your desires are satisfied | sth that gives you pleasure
Carpe diem	Latin aphorism, usually translated "seize the day", "pluck the day [as it is ripe]", that is 'Enjoy the moment'
legitimate	lawful, proper, regular, conforming to the standard type | logically admissible
to lip someone | to give someone some lip	to give someone some lip means to speak to someone in a way which is rude and doesn't show respect
mentoring	mutual self-development based on sharing of personal experiences
mentee	person who is given help and advice by a more experienced and often older person
nepotism	(disapproving) giving unfair advantages to your own family if you are in a position of power, especially by giving them jobs
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory	created in 1980 by Dutch management researcher Geert Hofstede who carried out an extensive survey during the 1960s and 1970s, investigating variations in values within different sectors of IBM, a global computer manufacturing company
power distance	strength of social hierarchy | has been defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society. All societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others (https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=orpc pg 8)
masculinity-femininity	task-orientation versus person-orientation
IDV (individualism-collectivism)	measures the extent to which people look out for each other as a team or look out for themselves as an individual | In individualistic cultures, people choose their affiliations voluntarily | in collectivistic cultures, they are imposed on them: people cannot escape obligations to their lineage
UAI (uncertainty avoidance index)	indicates to what extent nations avoid the unknown | is not the same as risk avoidance: it deals with a society's tolerance for ambiguity. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict behavioural codes, laws and rules, disapproval of deviant opinions, and a belief in absolute Truth | 'there can only be one Truth and we have it' (https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=orpc pg 10)
LTO (long-term orientation)	expresses how societies either prioritize traditions or seek for the modern in their dealings with the present and the future
IVR (indulgence vs restraint)	comparison between a country's willingness to wait for long-term benefits by holding off on instant gratification, or preferences to no restraints on enjoying life at the present
whiz kid	wunderkind | child prodigy who produces meaningful output in some domain at the level of an adult expert | also, someone whose career progresses rapidly
to pre-empt	to prevent sth from happening by taking action to stop it
embarrassed	shy, awkward or ashamed, especially in a social situation
to foil	to stop sth from happening, especially sth illegal | to prevent sb from doing sth
Foil Arms and Hogs	group's name evolved from nicknames each of the members had for each other, Foil (Sean Finegan) being the comedy foil, Arms (Conor McKenna) was 'All arms and Legs' and Hog (Sean Flanagan) because he ostensibly hogged the limelight
foil	in films, TV shows, and books, a foil character is someone who contrasts with another character – usually the main character – to highlight their qualities
judas /'dʒu:dəs/	person who betrays a friend | traitor
attire /əˈtaɪə/	clothes
egghead	(informal, disapproving or humorous) a person who is very intelligent and is only interested in studying
streetwise	(informal) having the knowledge and experience that is needed to deal with the difficulties and dangers of life in a big city
hunch	feeling that sth is true even though you do not have any evidence to prove it
monochronic	culture which schedules one event at a time in an orderly fashion
polychronic	culture where employees can work on several tasks simultaneously. Individuals thrive on carrying out more than one task at the same time as long as they can be executed together with a natural rhythm
Lewis model	born in an era of rampant globalisation of business, is particularly appropriate for assessing an individual’s likely performance in a commercial role. The design of the questionnaire is based on business situations. The nomenclature of the typologies is succinct: Linear-active, Multi-active, Reactive. While the three types are distinctive, each possesses behavioural elements from the other two categories. It is a question of which one is dominant. Many individuals deviate from the national type in a work situation e.g. engineers and accountants tend to be Linear, sales people Multi-active, lawyers and doctors Reactive
linear-active culture	culture where you may want to be concise, precise, and factual, avoid interruptions and distractions, and follow a clear agenda and timeline
multi-active culture	culture where you may want to be friendly, enthusiastic, and empathetic, allow for some flexibility and improvisation, and use stories and examples to illustrate your points
reactive culture	culture where you may want to be polite, respectful, and humble, listen attentively and patiently, and use indirect and subtle cues to convey your messages
loquacious	talkative
officialdom	people who are in positions of authority in large organizations when they seem to be more interested in following rules than in being helpful
ethnocentrism	views that place one communication style above another. Some people may perceive the communication style in their own culture as superior or more effective | Generally considered a human universal, it is evident in the widespread practice of labelling outsiders as "savages" or "barbarians" simply because their societies differ from those of the dominant culture. Early anthropologists often reflected this tendency, as did Sir John Lubbock, who characterized all nonliterate peoples as being without religion, and Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, who found them to have a "prelogical mentality" because their world view was unlike that of western Europe. The opposite of ethnocentrism is cultural relativism, the understanding of cultural phenomena within the context in which they occur
inclusive	including a wide range of people, things, ideas, etc
to break the ice	to make people who have not met before feel more relaxed with each other
keynote speech | ~ speaker	very important speech or person, introducing a meeting or its subject
high-context culture and low-context culture	ends of a continuum of how explicit the messages exchanged in a culture are and how important the context is in communication. The continuum pictures how people communicate with others through their range of communication abilities: utilizing gestures, relations, body language, verbal messages, or non-verbal messages. Typically refer to language groups, nationalities, or regional communities. However, the concept may also apply to corporations, professions, and other cultural groups, as well as to settings such as online and offline communication.
autocracy	system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat. It includes most forms of monarchy and dictatorship, while it is contrasted with democracy and feudalism. Various definitions of autocracy exist. They may restrict autocracy to a single individual, or they may also apply autocracy to a group of rulers who wield absolute power. The autocrat has total control over the exercise of civil liberties within the autocracy, choosing under what circumstances they may be exercised, if at all. Governments may also blend elements of autocracy and democracy, forming an anocracy
subtle	(often approving) not very noticeable or obvious, using indirect methods, in order to achieve sth
contemplative /kən'templətiv/	thinking quietly and seriously about sth | meditative, reflective
morbid	having or expressing a strong interest in sad or unpleasant things, especially disease or death
memorable	special, good or unusual and therefore worth remembering or easy to remember
to convey	to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb | to communicate
sanitation	equipment and systems that keep places clean, especially by removing human waste
to differ	to be different
to empower	to give sb the power or authority to do sth
implicit	suggested without being directly expressed | forming part of sth (although perhaps not directly expressed)
explicit	(of a statement or piece of writing) clear and easy to understand
ingrained	(of a habit, an attitude, etc.) that has existed for a long time and is therefore difficult to change
emissary	/ˈemɪsərɪ/ person who is sent to deliver an official message, especially from one country to another, or to perform a special task
resort	to make use of sth, especially sth bad, as a means of achieving sth, often because there is no other possible solution
embedded	(of feelings) felt very strongly and difficult to change
lookout	to watch carefully for sb/sth in order to avoid danger, etc. or in order to find sth you want 
pressing	needing to be dealt with immediately | urgent
startled	excited by sudden surprise or alarm and making a quick involuntary movement
connote	to suggest a feeling, an idea, etc. as well as the main meaning
role model	person that you admire and try to copy
stem	to come from, to originate
feudal	connected to the social system in medieval Europe whereby a vassal held land from a superior in exchange for allegiance and service